Table 1 DNA glycosylases involved in BER in human (modified from refs. [12, 18])
Name | Lyase activity | Chromosome location | Cellular localization | Known substrates | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MBD4 (also called MED1) | No | 3q21–22 | Nuclei | G:T mismatches within methylated and unmethylated CpG sites. Can also remove uracil or 5-fluorouracil in G:U mismatches | |
MPG (also called AAG, ANPG, or MID1) | No | 16p13.3 | Nuclei | 3-methyladenine, 7-methyl-guanine, hypo-xanthine, ethenoA | |
SMUG1 | No | 12q13.3 | Nuclei | Uracil (U) in single or double strand DNA, with a preference for single strand DNA | |
TDG | No | 12q24.1 | Nuclei | G/T, C/T, and T/T mispairs. Also uracil and 5-bromouracil mispairs with guanine | |
UDG2 | No | 5 | Nuclei | U:A mismatch | |
UNG1 (also called DGU, UNG15, UDG1 or UDG1M) | No | 12q24.1 | Mitochondria | Uracil from misincorporation of dUMP residues by DNA polymerase or due to deamination of cytosine | |
UNG2 (also called UDG1A or UDG1N) | No | 12q24.1 | Nuclei | Uracil from misincorporation of dUMP residues by DNA polymerase or due to deamination of cytosine | |
MUTYH (also called MYH) | Yes (weak) | 1p32.1–34.3 | Nuclei and mitochondria | A:8-oxoG and 2-OH-A:G | |
NEIL1 (also called NEH1or FPG1) | Yes | 15q22–24 | Nuclei | Oxidized pyrimidines, such as thymine glycol, formamidopyrimidine (Fapy) and 5-hydroxyuracil. Also has a marginal activity towards 8-oxoguanine | |
NTH1 (also called NTHL1 or OCTS3) | Yes | 16p13.2–13.13 | Nuclei and mitochondria | Damaged DNA at cytosines, thymines and guanines | |
OGG1 (also called MMH, MUTM, or OGH1) | Yes | 3p26.2 | Nuclei and mitochondria | 8-oxoG:C, 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine and 2,6-diamino-4-hydroxy-5-N-methylforma-midopyrimidine (FAPY) |